What Actions Might Be Taken Limit Price Fluctuations?

Title: Distinguish between value flexibility of interest, cross versatility of interest and salary versatility of interest. What moves may be made by nations and organizations to lessen or restrain value variances? Class: Business J Student: Ibrokhim Parviz Student ID: 99592 Tutor name: Sally Word account: Introduction: Nowadays in present day created advertise change in costs and different variables are exceptionally anticipated. The adjustment in one of the variables for example cost and impact of it on another factor like interest or flexibly are estimated by flexibility. Flexibility is the proportion of how the adjustment in one of the factor will be influenced on the other factors.Elasticity estimates degree to which request will change. Measure effectively can be determined in rate (Anderton 2008). After an estimation of versatility, it’s isolated into three sorts which are arranged by estimations of flexibility: totally flexible limitlessness; flexible †if esteem i s more prominent than one; completely inelastic-rises to zero; inelastic †if the estimation of versatility short of what one; unitary flexibility †if the worth is actually one (Anderton 2008). There are four fundamental sorts of flexibility measure: Price versatility of interest; Income flexibility of interest; Cross flexibility of interest and Price flexibility of supply.In this paper will be talked about kinds of versatility and government intercession in the open market, advantages and negative effects (Anderton 2008). Note: New amount requested †^Q; New cost †^P; Original Demand †Q; Original Price †P; Percentage change in amount requested %Q; Percentage change in amount of flexibly %S; Percentage change in Price-%P Formula: P (times) ^Q (over) Q (times) ^P Price Elasticity of Demand: Price Elasticity of Demand or otherwise called Own Price Elasticity of Demand (PED), measures the responsiveness of progress in amount requested to change in price.The recipe is: rate change in amount requested over the rate change in cost. PED has †(negative) sign before it; on the grounds that as value rises request falls and the other way around (backwards connection among cost and request). Determinants of PED are the accessibility of substitutes and time. PED have a few connections with changes in all out use (Anderton 2008). Model: After expanding cost from P1 to P rate change in cost was 10, interest for good X is diminished from Q1 to Q and rate change in amount requested is 60, what is value flexibility of this good?Solution: Formula is %Q/%D, so 60/10=6. PED is more noteworthy than one so its flexible great. Flexible interest bend of the Good X Price P P1 0 Q Q1 Quantity Income Elasticity of Demand: Changes in genuine salary of people can change the spending example of customers. For example if the customer use to purchase ketchup made by market which is Normal acceptable, after the expanding of salary he can purchase a Heinz ketchu p along these lines, Heinz will come as ordinary great, and the ketchup of general store creation will be substandard acceptable (Anderton 2008).This change estimated by Income Elasticity of Demand (Anderton 2008). The recipe is rate change in amount requested over rate change in pay. In the event that the appropriate response will be sure sign it implies its ordinary great; if negative sign, second rate great. Distinction between mediocre great and typical is by their salary versatility of interest. For example occasions and recreational exercises are with high pay flexibility of interest, though cleaning up fluid have a low pay versatility of interest. On the off chance that the estimation of salary versatility is lies among +1 and - 1 so its inelastic.If it more prominent +1 or not exactly - 1 so it is flexible. Model: Demand for lodging increment by 10 percent, synchronous salary of customers ascends by 5 percent. Figure pay versatility of interest. Arrangement: Formula is rate change in amount requested over rate change in salary, so 10/5 = 2. The estimation of pay versatility of interest is more noteworthy than one, so it is flexible. Cross versatility of interest: As it most likely is aware change in cost of good can influence change popular of that great. Nonetheless, if the merchandise are substitute or supplements, the difference in cost in one of them, may prompt change in another.Cross versatility of interest quantifies this sort of changes (Anderton 2008). Great which are substitutes will have a positive cross flexibility, and if products are supplement, it will have a negative cross versatility. In the event that the merchandise have a little connection between one another the may have a zero cross versatility. For example an ascent sought after for extravagance vehicles, likely may have no impact on Tipp-Ex. Request is cross flexible on the off chance that it is among +1 and - 1, in the event that cross flexibility is more prominent than +1 or n ot exactly - 1, at that point it is elastic.Example: Price of macaroni was expanded by 10 percent. Amount requested for cheddar was expanded by 20 percent. What is cross flexibility of interest. Arrangement: The equation is Percentage change in amount requested of Good X over rate change in cost of Good Y. In this way, 20/10=2. Worth is more prominent than one, so it is versatile. Value versatility of flexibly: Also can be estimated the responsiveness of amount provided to changes in value, this is called Price Elasticity of Supply (Anderton 2008). The equation is: rate change in flexibly over rate change in price.The bend of gracefully is upward slanting; it implies an expansion in cost prompts an increment in amount provided. A flexibility of gracefully equivalent one can have a straight line which passes gracefully bend. For example if the cost of shoes goes up, makers to make more benefit produce more shoes which prompts increment the flexibly. Model: The rate change in cost is 10, the rate change in amount provided is 20. Figure the value versatility of flexibly. Arrangement: 20/10=2, so item is flexible. Versatile interest bend of the Good X P P1 Price/Q Q1 Quantity The costs of item merchandise are going here and there. The explanation of value vacillation is changes in flexibly or request. Harmony in value find when gracefully and request will converge one another. The adjustment in one of them will cause cost change. For example the issue with flexibly may cause helpless reap or misfortune underway. Change sought after can be brought about by change in innovation, pay or substitutes (Parkin 2010). For the most part in farming or item showcases there is huge value change in cost in extremely short time.This can give negative effect on makers, for example they may have over or under creation in present moment; or figure over or under interest in long terms. Additionally costs can be excessively high for fundamental products, similar to bread or rice, is sue with this merchandise can cause a confusion in nation brought about by youthful grown-ups which not happy with significant expenses, comparative circumstance was in Egypt in 2011. Then again costs can be excessively low, for example cigarettes, its for the most part realized that smoking damages wellbeing, governments to ensure residents making new principles, for which they go through cash, thus it can have negative effect on governments economic.Another model can be ranchers, if the salaries of ranchers will be excessively low, they can leave the land and stop creation, so governments needs to choose to build their earnings (Parkin 2010). In spite of the fact that there is likewise different intentions of intercession government to showcase. Government can mediate market for advantages of their residents or themselves. For example, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC, this association is a gathering of nations which sets costs high in long haul to build t heir incomes (Parkin 2010). By the way hypothetically it can expand expectation for everyday comforts of residents that country.Stable costs: The motivation behind why stable costs are significant for organizations or government is that enormous firms can have an arrangement on a drawn out premise; if customer spend on one great more than on another it might cause issue for other piece of economy of nation. Administrations of every nation conclude how to lessen or confine variance. There are not many ways that legislature can level the cost and keep it stable. For example: greatest/least costs; empower the improvement of substitutes; set up cushion stock; utilization of dies down; dedicate more factor assets; send out bans or changes in import tariffs.Now will be talked about they methods of mediation with the positive and negative sides. Most extreme costs: Government can mediate market and set up new greatest value which will be sweetheart then past to help buyers in present momen t be accessible to buy that great. In long haul in can cause issue, since customer will request more, however venders will gracefully as for the most part, so there might be emerge issue with overabundance request. Least costs: Minimum costs are for the most part to assist makers with expanding their incomes.Negative effect of this change is that customers can respond on more significant expense of good, and diminishing the interest, so at long last there will be abundance gracefully (Parkin 2010). In any case, there is two answers for overabundance flexibly. One of them is to purchase the additional creation by the administration and sell it back in low costs, deal it to ranchers for their animals, offering it to the individuals who in need this great in EU or to offer it to Third World nations at absolute bottom costs (Parkin 2010). Another approach to tackle it is to limit the creation. The legislature can drive the ranchers away from the piece of their property uncultivated(Park in 2010).This can prompt moving the flexibly bend to one side. Lessening yield to accomplish more significant expenses is the manner by which OPEC works(Parkin 2010). New substitutes: Government can energize new substitutes. For example fill in for coal vitality can be sunlight based vitality or wind vitality (Parkin 2010). New substitutes can expand flexibly, by moving it to one side and diminishing the cost. These substitutes at starting need a ton of speculation. They should be put resources into long haul to keep it working. Likewise there is different variables which can diminish or expand spending.For occurrence on the off chance that it is dusty nation government need to

Confucian essays

Confucian articles The Confucian custom, which started during the Han tradition (202 BCE-220 CE) firmly focused on that the entirety of society, including the legislature, could be run by the standards of the family. The family was the good and political model for all associations. The ordinarily utilized expression  ¡blood is thicker than waterâ ¡ remains constant in China. The organic bond among guardians and youngsters couldn't be coordinated by some other relationship. Ace Kâ ¡ung, the main Confucius ace, perceived five essential connections in the public eye. These connections are among state and resident; among father and child; among a couple; between senior sibling and more youthful sibling; and between companions. Of the five connections Chinese individuals put the most accentuation on the dad child relationship. This accentuation commended the possibility of dutiful devotion. Dutiful devotion came to be the most impressive power to keep up the request for society. The family and dutiful d evotion were the reason for all of Chinese society and government. This is delineated, in the Book of Filially through the perspectives on Master Kung. As indicated by Chinese convention, dutiful devotion was the essential obligation of all Chinese. Being a dutiful child implied total compliance to one's folks during their lifetime andas they developed oldertaking the most ideal consideration of them. After their demise the oldest child was required to perform ceremonial penances at their gravesite or in the genealogical sanctuary. A child could likewise communicate his commitment to his folks by passing the Civil Service assessments, winning notoriety for the entire family. Generally significant of each of the, a child needed to ensure that the family line would be proceeded. Kicking the bucket without a child thusly was one of the most noticeably awful offenses against the idea of dutiful devotion. On the off chance that a marriage stayed infertile, it was a child's obligation to take a subsequent spouse or receive a youngster so as to proceed with the family. Since Chinese ladies turned out to be a piece of their significant othe r's family ... <!

Rudy Giulianis Leadership essays

Rudy Giuliani's Leadership papers Giuliani first took in the significance of reliability as a pioneer while functioning as an assistant under Judge Lloyd MacMahon. Giuliani saw direct the dedication the appointed authority had to the individuals who worked for him, and the quality of the connections assembled when the commitment was returned. Along these lines, giuliani made unwaveringness his foundation. The appointed authority was an uncommon pioneer and got the individuals who worked for him to put stock in themselves and achieve more than they suspected they could. He was additionally efficient, continually squeezing, and continually hoping for something else from giuliani and his other staff than they suspected they could convey. However he never requested that others work more earnestly than he was eager to work himself. The adjudicator likewise instructed giuliani the significance of the need to impart and convince, not simply rule by declaration. Throughout the following not many years, Judge MacMahon establi shed the framework for the pioneer he trusted he would be. A long time later, while serving in President Reagans Justice Department, giuliani again watched the advantages of a pioneers dependability to his group. He saw how president Reagan would chance his prominence due to his own reliability to the individuals who had helped choose him and worked for him. He observed the lift in confidence accordingly. Along these lines, he concluded it was basic for a pioneer (particularly one in politics)to grasp those in his group who are freely assaulted. While in office as city hall leader, giuliani made it a point to make a special effort to cause somebody who was unjustifiably assaulted to feel significant either by advancing them or by giving a discourse to give them how treasured they are. Giuliani accepted this consoled those that worked for him that he would not surrender them whenever there's any hint of difficulty. This likewise demonstrated the world that he would remain behind his representatives and thusly expelled a portion of the motivat ion to assault. He additionally realized that a pioneer who separations himself from his staff may ... <!

How to Use Singular They

Step by step instructions to Use Singular They The representative accepted their wellbeing couldn't be ensured. The sentence above has an obviously plain language structure blunder. The subject of the sentence, worker, is solitary yet the pronoun their is plural. Most business essayists would get this undeniable blunder. Subjects and pronouns need to concur in number, so the sentence ought to beThe worker accepted their security couldn't be ensured. The test with the remedied sentence is that it is cumbersome and it boxes people who don't distinguish as exceptionally male or female into a class that doesn't fit for them. It's exclusionary, and style guides are tending to this. Utilizing they as a solitary pronoun has gotten worthy at times, particularly as an unbiased pronoun. The 2017 version of The AP Stylebook - the style direct utilized most generally in business - expressed: â€Å"They/them/their is adequate in constrained cases as a solitary as well as impartial pronoun, when elective wording is excessively cumbersome or clumsy.† For instance, to maintain a strategic distance from the explicitness of an individual’s sex, this utilization oftheiris satisfactory: â€Å"The representative accepted their position was in jeopardy.† The Washington Post tended to this in 2015: â€Å"Allowing they for a sex nonconforming individual is an easy decision. Furthermore, once we’ve done that, why not permit it for the most clumsy of those the individual circumstances that have disturbed us for such huge numbers of years?† The Chicago Manual of Style currently states: â€Å"While this utilization [they, them, their, and themselves] is acknowledged in those circles [speech and casual writing], it is just of late giving indications of picking up acknowledgment in formal composition, where Chicago suggests maintaining a strategic distance from its utilization. While alluding explicitly to an individual who doesn't relate to a sexual orientation explicit pronoun, in any case, they and its structures are regularly preferred.† Garner’s Modern American Usage suggests its mindful use: â€Å"Where it can’t be kept away from, resort to it warily in light of the fact that a few people may question your literacy.† Microsoft Manual and Style exhorts: â€Å"Although . . .theyfor a solitary forerunner is picking up acknowledgment. . . . At whatever point conceivable, compose around the problem.† Grammarly surveyed their perusers and most protested the solitary utilization of they. In fact, it can get cumbersome: They is a capable craftsman. As a remark underneath accurately noted, utilize the plural action word conjugation when utilizing they to allude to an individual: They are a skilled craftsman. Or, simply modify the sentence to stay away from both a sexual orientation recognizable proof and the requirement for a pronoun: The craftsman is capable. More on unbiased pronouns here. One of the parts of business composing that I love most is that it advances to reflect suitable data stream and mindfulness. Style Guides are obviously tending to this with a careful underwriting of the solitary they. My proposal presently is to for the most part stick to standard sentence structure develops and coordinate solitary pronouns with particular subjects and plural pronouns with pronoun subjects. Be that as it may, do utilize they as a solitary pronoun when it is aware or all the more clear to do as such. Words matter. Counting everybody consciously in the talk warrants bowing this language structure rule. Picture Source: Grammarly

Virtue ethics

Ethicalness morals Presentation The motivation behind this paper is to discuss goodness morals, Deontology and I m going to discuss its significance and how an individual that rehearses, or have this sort of morals framework will act  on the off chance that the person would be in an issue; recall that I am going to show this on the various morals frameworks that I am going to discuss, and that Ill clarify it with certain models that weve learned in class. Something else that I am going to communicate in this article is my feeling about every ethic framework that I will discuss. Body Excellence morals Excellence morals is an arrangement of morals that underlines on the ideals or the ethical character of the individuals. This implies it depends on what the individual had done on the off chance that he has done awful things, at that point he has an awful good character. Assuming that somebody needs assistance at that point, somebody that rehearses the temperance morals will inevitably support him in the event that he is a decent individual, he would help him in light of the fact that all things considered the individual that is helping is doing good cause or altruism. Presently Ill clarify it with a model that Ive found in the class of Mr. Stevens: Suppose that there is a train that is going to crash five individuals and on the off chance that you turn the streets of the train u murder one individual; assume that individual is acceptable and the other five are terrible people with awful good character so somebody that rehearses ideals morals will let the train to execute the five individuals. Excellence morals depends on certain highlights that are: Its managing question: What would it be a good idea for me to do? Accentuation on character, not on singular activities. The decency originates from the individuals that play out the demonstration not the other way around, this implies the great individuals here is the one that plays out the demonstration. It depends on the character of the individual that you are helping on the off chance that he is somebody that has tolerance or consideration he has excellencies, and in the event that he is somebody that has weakness or lethargy, and so forth he has indecencies and he is anything but a righteous individual. To have a goodness is to react to some specific sorts of circumstances or conditions in the fitting way, for instance: having mental fortitude in a troublesome or hazardous circumstance. Great individuals are temperate and they dont have indecencies. Remember that the temperance morals were made by the Greek thinkers Aristotle and Plato. It was started in the Greek Philosophy on that time. Deontology Deontology, likewise called deontological morals, is an arrangement of ethic that makes a decision about the profound quality (if its a decent activity or it is an awful activity) of an activity if the activity depends on certain principles or obligations. So deontologists do their activities as indicated by a standard or an obligation that we can discover in two fundamental schools of deontology that are: Kant: As I have said before Deontology obeys rules and Inter Kant, that was a deontologist proposed three laws: Act just as per that saying by which you can simultaneously will that it should turn into an all inclusive law. Go about as if the adage of your activity were by your will to turn into an all inclusive law of nature. Act so you treat humankind, regardless of whether in your own individual or in that of another, consistently as an end and never as a methods in particular. This one was old, he was conceived on 1724 and passed on 1804.There is other school of deontology and it is progressively present day that is the W.D.Ross (1877-1971) He says that the activities on deontology were decided by certain obligations that he expressed, that are: Obligations coming from ones own past activities: 1. loyalty: obligation to satisfy (unequivocal and verifiable) guarantees/understandings into which one has entered 2. Reparation: obligation to compensate for unjust acts recently done to other people Obligations coming from the past activities of others: 3. appreciation: obligation to compensate others for past favors accomplished for oneself Obligations coming from the (chance of) a confound between people joy or satisfaction and their legitimacy: 4. equity: obligation to forestall or address such a confuse Obligations originating from the chance of improving the states of others as for ethicalness, insight, or delight: 5. helpfulness: obligation to improve the states of others in these regards Obligations originating from the chance of improving ones own condition as for ethicalness or insight: 6. personal development : obligation to improve ones own condition in these regards Extraordinary obligation to be recognized from the obligation of helpfulness: 7. Non-evil: obligation not to harm others So then as per the train model I have clarified after in this exposition a deontologist will let the 5 folks to pass on, regardless of whether they were terrible people. Sick clarify it with a law that is the standard number 1 of Kant school. So a deontologist will let the 5 individuals to kick the bucket since he keeps rules, and all things considered what will occur if all individuals would do an activity to murder one individuals, the individual that is doing the activity isn't slaughtering him, yet he is doing an activity, there. My sentiment about this ethic framework, is that this morals framework is a decent framework since, it regards the life of everybody and the obligations and laws are excellent proposed in light of the fact that they let you settle on a decent choice in which you would not feel regretful toward the end. Reference index Wikipedia, Deontological morals. May 26, 2010.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontological_ethics W.D.Ross Moral Theoryhttp://www.hu.mtu.edu/~tlockha/hu329ov8.htm Wikipedia, Immanuel Kant .May 26, 2010. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Excellence Ethics, Stanford Encyclopedia of reasoning. 2003. http://plato.stanford.edu/sections/morals ethicalness/

What Is Zen Meditation

What Is Zen Meditation Meditation Print Zen Meditation Benefits, Uses, and Access to the Unconscious By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 21, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on March 21, 2019 Martin Puddy / Corbis / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Meditation Happiness Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Happens During Zen Meditation Benefits Impact on the Brain Access to the Unconscious Drug Abuse Treatment How to Learn It Is Zen Meditation Right for You? View All Back To Top Zen meditation, also known as Zazen, is a meditation technique rooted in Buddhist psychology. The goal of Zen meditation is to regulate attention. It’s sometimes referred to as a practice that involves “thinking about not thinking.” People usually sit in the lotus position (sitting with their legs crossed) during Zen meditation. They focus their attention inward. While some practitioners say this is accomplished by counting breathsâ€"generally from one to 10â€"each time they exhale, others say there is no counting involved. What Happens During Zen Meditation Zen meditation is considered an “open-monitoring meditation.” Monitoring skills are transformed into a state of reflexive awareness with a broad scope of attention without focusing on one specific object. Zen meditation is similar to mindfulness in that it is about focusing on the presence of mind. But mindfulness is about focusing on a specific object and Zen meditation involves a general awareness. Unlike loving kindness and compassion meditation (which focuses on cultivating compassion) or mantra meditation (which involves the recitation of a mantra), Zen meditation involves increased awareness of the ongoing physical and self-referential processes. Individuals who practice Zen meditation attempt to expand their attentional scope to incorporate the flow of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and subjective awareness. Zen meditation often involves keeping the eyes semi-open, which is different from most other forms of meditation that encourage closing the eyes. During Zen meditation, practitioners dismiss any thoughts that pop into their minds and essentially think about nothing. Over time, they learn how to keep their minds from wandering and may be able to tap into their unconscious minds. The goal is often to become more aware of preconceived notions and gain insight into oneself. Benefits Research clearly shows meditation has a wide range of physical, cognitive, social, spiritual, and emotional health benefits. And of course, meditation can be a great stress reliever, which is why many people turn to it in the first place. It’s likely that Zen meditation offers many of the benefits of other types of meditation, but much of the research on meditation hasn’t differentiated between the different types. There is early research that shows different types of meditation may affect the brain in slightly different ways. So, it’s possible that Zen meditation might offer some additional benefits beyond the benefits seen in other types of meditation. Impact on the Brain For years, scientists have studied how meditation affects the mind and the body and there’s been some particular interest in Zen meditation practice and how it affects the brain. In a 2008 study, researchers compared 12 people who had more than three years of daily practice in Zen meditation with 12 novices who had never practiced meditation. Everyone in the study was given a brain scan and asked to focus on their breathing. Occasionally, they were asked to distinguish a real word from a nonsense word on a computer screen. Then, they were instructed to try and focus on their breathing again. The scans revealed that Zen training led to different activity in a set of brain regions known as the “default network.” The default network is linked to wandering minds. The volunteers who regularly practiced Zen meditation were able to return to their breathing much faster than the novices after being interrupted. The authors of the study concluded that meditation may enhance the capacity to stay focused, pay attention, and limit distractionâ€"all of which can be a struggle for many people in today’s digital world. Access to the Unconscious There’s also been a lot of curiosity about whether Zen meditation can allow practitioners to better access their unconscious minds. It’s thought that the conscious mind can only focus on one thing at a timeâ€"like your grocery list or a book that you’re reading. But, experts suspect the unconscious mind is vast. Many researchers believe that knowing how to access unconscious processes could foster greater creativity and help people become more aware of the things they need to do to reach their goals.   A 2012 study examined whether Zen meditation helped practitioners better access their unconscious minds. All of the participants were experienced Zen meditators. One group was asked to meditate for 20 minutes. The other group was asked to read magazines. Then, all of the participants were seated in cubicles with a computer. They were instructed to link three words presented on the screen by a fourth, associated word. They were asked to type the answer as fast as possible. The individuals who meditated prior to the test were able to complete the task faster, which showed researchers they had better access to their unconscious minds. In another study, one group was again asked to meditate for 20 minutes while the control group was simply told to relax. Then, all the volunteers were asked 20 questions, each with three or four correct answers. For example, they may be asked to name one of the four seasons. Just before seeing the question on the computer screen, however, a potential answer such as “spring” flashed up for 16 milliseconds. The meditation group gave, on average, 6.8 answers that matched the subliminal words. The control group only matched an average of 4.9 words. The researchers concluded that the meditators were better able to access what the brain has paid attention to than the non-meditators. The authors of the study report Zen meditation might be able to provide better insight into what’s going on in the background of the brain. A better understanding of how you’re feeling, why you make certain decisions, and how you’re influenced by your environment may have a big impact on your life. Drug Abuse Treatment While many meditation practices are about the mind-body connection, the authors of a 2018 study published in the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine say Zen meditation also includes the brain-heart interactions. According to the authors, Zen practitioners devote their practice to disclosing the spiritual heart inside the organ heart. They state, “Through years of Zen meditation practice, practitioners have their brain functions totally reformed into a so-called detached brain dominated by the spiritual heart.” This is one of the reasons why Zen meditation is used in drug abuse treatment programs in Taiwan. Zen meditation slows heart rate and respiration while also improving the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Individuals who are in recovery from drug abuse may experience problems with their autonomic nervous systemâ€"the system responsible for the control of the bodily functions that are not consciously directed, like breathing, heartbeat, and digestive processes. Researchers have found that 10-minute Zen meditation sessions have shown significant improvement in autonomic nervous system function in patients. Zen meditation also improves mood and a better mood can be key to helping people with a drug addiction resist the temptation to use again. The researchers also found that Zen meditation “enhances the hypothalamus and frontal-lobe functioning,” which improves their self-control and helps them overcome addiction. Sixteen out of 18 participants in the study said they experienced “cleaning and rejuvenation of body and mind” after a 10-minute Zen meditation session. Participants also reported scalp tingling, whole-body heat, and feeling cool. Researchers who use Zen meditation as a treatment say it impacts regions of the brain that help individuals successfully go through detox and the recovery process.   How to Learn It There are many ways to learn more about Zen meditation. There are plenty of audio programs, online videos, online learning programs, and books devoted to the subject. You might also find a Zen meditation class so you can learn from an instructor. In addition, there are a variety of meditation retreats that last anywhere from a weekend to a month or more. Zen meditation retreats are especially popular with tourists in China who want to learn the practice in a Buddhist temple. So depending on your interest, needs, and budget, there are plenty of ways to find a program that will help you learn Zen meditation techniques. Is Zen Meditation Right for You? When it comes to meditation, it’s important to find which type is best suited for you. Enjoying your meditation practice is key to sustaining over a long time. Research shows that Zen meditation doesn’t always turn out to be a favorite. In fact, sometimes, it’s near the bottom of the list.  In a 2012 study, college students spent seven days practicing a specific type of meditation over the course of four weeks. At the end of the study, they were asked to rank the meditation practices in order of personal preference. Significantly more participants ranked Vipassana (mindfulness) and Mantra meditation as higher than Zen and Qigong Visualization. If you try Zen meditation and it isn’t right for you, don’t ward off all types of meditation. You might simply need to try another type until you find that one that is best suited for you. Meditation for Stress Reduction

Access tofinance as a growth constraint for SME - Free Essay Example

Introduction Many researchers have proved that small and medium size firms faces more constraints to access external finance as compare to large size firms. However there is no research on the factors which effects on the growth of SMEs in developing economy of Pakistan. Study shows that SME plays a key role in the economic development of the country but due to the lake of developed financial institutional structures SME sector faces obstacles to access the external sources of finance. Government should take serious steps for the monitoring and development of financial institutional system. Regardless of the increasing interest in the development of community by providing funds to SMEs there are different views regarding to the effectiveness of Pro-SME policies. older in terms of years of incorporation, large size firms and foreigh-owned firms less hurdles to access the external sources of finance as compare to the new small size and locally owned firms. Many researchers stress on the importance of all other factors which effects the business environment for all firms. These factors includes entry and exit barriers for the new entrants in the business, presence and implementation of property rights, contract enforcement, presence of information related to the firms like credit bureau, channels for external finance. Presence of competitive business environment which allows encourages the new innovative entrepreneurs. Furthermore, access to finance plays a very key r ole in the overall business environment rather then constructive destruction in which a large number of inefficient and low growth SMEs . This paper is going to contribute in the policy making for the SMEs. Literature review SMEs, business environment and growth Studies shows that SMEs play a vital role in the economic development of the country but the imperfections in the financial institutional structure impede the progress of SMEs. Many studies at country level ad microeconomic level have reviewed the importance of SME in the industrialization process which leads to economic development ( Snodgrass and Biggs, 1996 ), on the other hand Beck et al. (2005a) studied the relationship between SME, poverty alleviation and economic growth using a cross country data base and found a signification relationship. Same sort of work has been done by Ayyagari et al. (in press) by using Cross-country data and applying regressions between GDP per capita growth and SMEs share in manufacturing Employment and showed a strong positive relationship between GDP per capita and SME share. In his study he not only controlled other variable which may effect the growth of that country but also control those variables which may become reason for reverse causation and simultaneity biases he still found a strong relationship between economic growth and SMEs. On the basis of results from this study we can conclude that SMEs do not foster the economic growth but a large share of SMEs is a characteristic of growing economy. Result of this finding is consistent with the results of Beck et al. (2005a) that a large SME sector in the economy is a characteristic of fast-growing economies, but this is not a reason of the growth of economy. Furthermore he didnt find any evidence for the relationship between large SME sector in the economy and faster income growth. Klapper et al. (in press) used firm level data of Europe and found that regulations related to entry of new businesses effects the economic development. A regulation related to the entry of new businesses is one of key element of business environment and was measured by the cost of registration for a firm, because a high registration fee may act as a barrier for the entrance of new firms. M ean while he considered property right protection and access to finance as those variables which may help the new firms to enter in the business. Further he concluded that low entry barrier and healthy business environment results high productivity, more employment and economic growth. The paper concluded that poor business environment have adverse effect on the SME sector performance because they are more sensitive to the business environmental factor such as market imperfection and dampen competition as compare to large size firms. A comparison study of Italy and UK was conducted to study the effect of entry barrier on the SME sector growth. In Italy the entry cost is 20% of GNP where as it is 1.4% of GNP in UK but the growth rate of smaller firms in Italy is slower then UK. The reason for slower growth of Italy small firms is the existence of many old and inefficient firms. But due to low entry barrier at beginning a larger number of small size firms starts out in Italy but th ey grow more slowly as compare to UK. These finding are complementary to the results of Beck et al. (2005a) and also helps to understand that why a large size SME is improbable to be linked with faster growth, Large SME sector is result of low entry barriers but also with better business environment. Firms are more likely to enter in those economies where they can easily access to external finance better property right laws and better investor protection. (Demirguc-Kunt et al., 2006 ) used firm level data from 52 different countries and found that firms are more likelihood of incorporating in those area where they face less hurdles to their growth, well developed financial institutional sector, presence and implementation of laws, investors protection in terms of strong shareholder and creditor rights, low tax rates and easy bankruptcy process. In those countries where financial and legal institutional are more developed and have favorable business environment, corporations in th ose countries reports less financing, legal and regulatory hurdles. Djankov et al. (2004) used survey data by interviewing with the entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs form seven cities across Russia and found that beside personal characteristics business environment is also one of the most important factor for a entrepreneurs to take decision to become the entrepreneur. The study also found several significant evidences that perception related to the corruption and attitude of government officials towards entrepreneurship encourage or discourages the entry of new firms in economy. These results are similar to the results of Johnson et al. (2002). Cull and Xu (2005) studied the behavior of Chinese entrepreneurs and found that Chinese entrepreneurs are more willing to reinvest their earnings if they feel confident and secure about legal system specially property right protection and have easier access to external finance. To study the different dimensions of business environ ment and to check that are all these dimensions are equally important Ayyagari et al. (2005) used firm level survey data of 80 countries and found that out of different variables like access to finance, legal and taxation system, corruption macroeconomic and political stability only finance and political instability have greater impact on the firms growth and finance is the most strong among all these. By combining all these results we can conclude that the presence of competitive business environment which allows encourages the new innovative entrepreneurs. Furthermore, access to finance plays a very key role in the overall business environment. In many poor countries or in developing economies the enterprises and SMEs holds a very large share and form the base for private sector-led growth (Hallberg, 2001 ). Ayyagari et al.(in press) found that SME plays a key role in the employment rate of any country he found that enterprises with up to 250 countries holds the overall 60% of the total employment in manufacturing countries. (Ber-ger and Udell, 1998; Galindo and Schiantarelli, 2003) studied both the developing and developed economies and found that in both economies small size firms have less access to the external fiancÃÆ'ÂÂ © and their growth is more effected with this constraint. Schi er and Weder (2001) show that older in terms of years of incorporation, large size firms and foreigh-owned firms less hurdles to access the external sources of finance as compare to the new small size and locally owned firms. The result of the studies were not only statistically but also economically significant. Kumar et al. (1999) studied the Indian firms and find that the average size of firms in human capital-intensive and RD intensive industries is larger in countries with better property rights and patent protection. Conclusions This article summarizes recent empirical research which shows that access to finance is an important growth constraint for SMEs, that financial and legal institutions play an important role in relaxing this constraint, and that innovative financing instruments can help facilitate SMEs access to finance even in the absence of well developed institutions. The research has a number of important policy implications. The research summarized here suggests that a competitive business environment, of which access to finance is an important component, facilitates entry, exit and growth of firms and is therefore essential for the development process. A focus on improving the business environment for all firms is more important than simply trying to promote a large SME sector which might be characterized by a large number of small but stagnant firms. Although SMEs constitute a significant part of total employment in many countries, one of the reasons they may not be able to contribute to e conomic growth is because they face greater growth obstacles. Indeed, compared to large firms, SMEs are more constrained by different obstacles, and limited access to finance is an important one of these. Research suggests improving legal and financial institutions helps all deserving firms access finance and grow, but the effect is greatest on smaller firms. Both firm-level and industry-level studies suggest that small firms do relatively better compared to large firms in countries with better-developed institutions. Furthermore, we see that in the absence of well developed financial markets and legal systems, it is difficult for firms to grow to their optimal size since outside investors cannot prevent appropriation by corporate insiders, limiting firm size. This is important for The literature suggests that a focus on improving the institutions and the overall business environment is probably the most effective way of relaxing the growth constraints SMEs face and facilit ate their to contribution to economic growth. However, institution building is a long term process and in the interim innovative lending technologies hold promise, providing market-friendly ways of relaxing the constraints SMEs face. A contestable financial system makes it more likely that such technologies will be adopted more rapidly, with foreign banks playing an important role in facilitating this process, whereas public banks have been less useful in the past.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia - 862 Words

Schizophrenia is a mental disease where patients can hear, see, and smell, things that are not actually there. These are referred to as hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are things that the patient sees and hears that are not present. Delusions are the belief or impression that what the individual is seeing is real. Scientists know that schizophrenia is a genetic disorder and it runs in families. This disease occurs in families and in the general population. In families it occurs in about 10 percent and in others it occurs in 1 percent. The exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown, but many scientists think that this disorder involves many different genes, not just one. They also thing this disease is caused from factors from genes and environment, such as being exposed to harmful things before birth. This disease is equally common in men and women, but men normally experience symptoms earlier than women. Symptoms of this disease are separated into three classifications, wh ich are positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms Positive symptoms come and go. Sometimes these symptoms can be severe and other times they can be very mild. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, which are things that a person smells, hears, feels, or sees that are actually not there. Delusions, which are when the individual believes something that, are not associated with the individual’s culture; an example of this is if someone thinks messages are secretly being sent toShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1176 Words   |  5 Pages Symptoms The symptoms of schizophrenia are wide and varied, typically falling into three main categories, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Each of these symptom types affect the patient in different ways, and in different degrees of severity. The symptoms may range from mildly irritating, to severe and debilitating. Positive symptoms are behaviors not normally seen in healthy people. Negative symptoms are behaviors that are usually exhibited in healthy people but areRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1671 Words   |  7 Pages Schizophrenia is defined many ways, but each definition of this disorder is correct. No two individuals will have the exact same symptoms of schizophrenia. The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek words that mean â€Å"split mind†. This disorder can lead to many other problems throughout a person’s lifetime. There are many different symptoms that can help with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but each of the sym ptoms can also be contributed to other disorders. The symptoms of schizophrenia appearRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia904 Words   |  4 Pagessigns symptoms observed. Some of the disorders are caused by different factors and reveal divergent signs and symptoms which are depended on the field of the body infected. This paper purposes at critically evaluating and analyzing psychological disorder referred to as schizophrenia by demonstrating its symptoms and their occurrences. It will discuss the causes of this type of psychological disorder and possible diagnostic together treatments mechanisms of this kind of disease. Schizophrenia is aRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1077 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenias is a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices (APA,2015). I choose to touch on the topic of schizophrenia because I always been interested the topic itself. The one thing I wondered is if there are different stages of schizophrenia and why it may be hard to diagnose. Schizophrenia is a mental disease that’s very hard to pinpoint in a person, whichRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia Symptoms. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder which is characterized by an inability to distinguish what is real and subsequent abnormal behavior. Literally translating from the Greek skhizein and phrÄ“n meaning ‘split-mind’, schizophrenia is characterized by both positive symptoms, e.g. hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, and also negative symptoms, e.g. apathy, Anhedonia, and deficits in executive functioning. The Diagnostic and StatisticalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1153 Words   |  5 Pages 1 / 3 Cindy Tien 3-18-15 Per.6 Schizophrenia What is Schizophrenia? Can you imagine living day by day having to hear and see things that nobody else could? You feel alone, lost and different amongst other normal people. Believe it or not, approximately twenty five million people in America have been impacted by this disease called schizophrenia. What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is mental disorder distinguished by disturbances within thought patterns, attention, and emotions. UnfortunatelyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia Over 2 million Americans suffer with schizophrenia each day. A vast majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech. Hallucinations are sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation; therefore, people with schizophrenia may see people or things that are not really there and may even hold conversions or have relationships with these â€Å"people†. Delusions are false beliefs about reality. Someone withRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1569 Words   |  7 Pagesmental health professionals, Jaime was confirmed to have paranoid schizophrenia. Jaime was immediately put on antipsychotic medication, and after about 3 months of taking that medication, he started attending psychological treatment. He has been continuing with both procedures for about a year. Today, his medication dose has lowered and he has shown much improvement compared to when he first was diagnosed. Introduction Positive symptoms are behaviors that aren t seen in healthy people, people whoRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1049 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Schizophrenia Madison M. Sulak Dr. Linstrum PSYCH 2301 East Texas Baptist University Fall 2015 Pg. 1 A brain disorder can be triggered by multiple different things such as a stroke, abnormal growths, any type of viral infection, or cancer. There are countless types of brain disorders that people are diagnosed with daily. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected peopleRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is very complex and â€Å"startling disorder characterized by a broad range of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions† (Barlow Durand, 2015, p. 477). It can greatly impact a person’s life in a negative manner: affecting physical, emotional, relational, and occupational health. The National Institute of Mental Health defines schizophrenia as a â€Å"chronic and severe disorder that affects how a person, think, feels, and acts† (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d., para. 1).

Freedom For Students And Parents Should Limit Academic...

For decades now, censorship has been a prominent issue in American education. Though what’s best for students is at the forefront of that conversation, many continue to disagree about the amount of academic freedom that K-12 public school teachers should have in their classrooms. The idea of censoring teachers’ messages to students and even school activities is grounded in protecting the morality of American children. Proponents of academic freedom for K-12 teachers believe that censorship has instilled fear in teachers, which deters them from preparing students to be knowledgeable, well-rounded citizens. However, those who oppose extending academic freedom to K-12 teachers claim that teachers’ responsibility to students and parents should limit academic freedom. Before examining both sides of the issue, one must first understand the long history of censorship in American schools. â€Å"Efforts to restrict or ban books, films, speakers, topics, of study, magazin es, speech, press, dress, art, drama,, fieldtrips and other student and teacher activities have permeated and undercut school life for generations† (Nelson, 2013, p. 399). Parents and politicians alike have fought for years to ban certain items from the educational experience such as books, field trips, and extracurricular activities, which they felt would jeopardize the morality of their children. Though censorship of teacher-student activities is a continuing problem and has been for years, some instances show thatShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom And Self Determination Curriculum800 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a very fine line between freedom and self-determination when discussing and -implementing activities for students and education purposes. I agree with both the new teacher and Mr. Humam in this case study. The freedom and self-determination curriculum described for Hillsdale â€Å"A† School could possible work as a school curriculum if presented in a solid structu re. It’s very important to communicate and have relationships with all students, parents and teachers, however if not equally it isRead MoreA Teachers Rights and Responsibilities Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pages Children and youth are critical steps in the formation of a human being. Parents and teachers are the pillars of the educational process in this age group and therefore their work is critical to the wellbeing of society. Regardless of the type of school, all teachers are required to teach and promote fundamental human rights, such as to practice them in their daily work. The Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child and Human Rights require preservation in all fields, with particular emphasisRead MoreEssay on Speak Freely: Limits of Free Speech1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States Constitution gives Americans the right to free speech (Lakoff 260). Learning to speak is something our parents praise us for when we are little. Why, after all the waiting time they endured, would parents let strangers decide what their child could or could not say. Censorship of language and speech is becoming too strict. Although we have the right to freedom of speech there are some restrictions such as â€Å"fighting words† that are not permitted by the First Amendment. The essayRead MoreBanning Books in Schools Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesThe practice of the censorship of books in schools has been prevalent due to the explicit content of them. Parents have been complaining to schools about books that count as required reading because they disapprove with the points made in the book. If a book consists of offensive or sexually explicit material, then parents would challenge the schools about them in order to prevent their children from reading them. Censorship in general has been an intensely debated issue because it is consideredRead MoreSchool Uniforms, Stay Or Leave?1546 Words   |  7 Pagesin students academic performance and behavior at school. However, others counter that, with it does not help, it only creates a bigger problem by enforcing the rules of a school dress code. Accord ing to School Uniforms: An Overview, the definition of dress code means, rules designed by school districts or individual schools to prescribe students attire (Chittom). Although, school uniforms may help with discipline, attendance, and academic performance, it can also diminish their freedom of expressionRead MoreTeacher Handbook Essays1546 Words   |  7 Pageshas to throw away their rights granted by the United States Constitution. Teachers are required to maintain moral and ethical behavior but their rights as citizens are not taken away. Teachers should understand that they are always teachers and role models whether they are in the classroom or not and should always maintain a professional demeanor when in the public eye. Teachers are held to a higher standard in their actions and behaviors because of their employment position. Teachers influenceRead MoreFree Speech Policy Should Be Freedom Of Speech1029 Words   |  5 PagesStudents on many campuses are concerned with debate of ideas and therefore also with free speech issues. So I ll ease the students of a diverse college with an appropriate free-speech policy. The policy should be freedom of speech no matter the topic. Since in the text, â€Å"The importance of protecting even the thoughts we hate.† (Volokh, E. (2015, November 2). The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com) proves with the sentences; â€Å"Oddly, many of these restrictions come from politicalRead MoreEssay on The Dress Code Fix1594 Words   |  7 Pages Dress codes allow students to set themselves apart from others by their actions not their appearance. One case in particular is brought up in court for a possible comparison, a possibility that an allusion could be between could be made between Tinker and whatever other case. In 1969 Tinker v. Des Moines I.C.S.D., three students were suspended from school for a form of visible protest. They showed their opposition of the Vietnam War by wearing black arm bands. The students said their first amendmentRead MoreOver The Past Years, Most Public School Administrators1385 Words   |  6 Pagespublic school administrators have been engaged in the heated debate over whether public school students should put on school uniforms or not. This important argument has drawn the attention of both liberal thinkers and conservatives. From one far end, a section of the society feels that public school students school have the freedom to put on their clothing of choice while the other section feels that there should be uniformity in the public-school attire. Based on such contradicting opinions, there isRead MoreDress Code Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pages Some pro statement I consider important should be that uniforms can increase students safety . Having uniforms can prevent for students having sexual relationship with other students or even their own teacher .Prevent from other students from other schools coming into their campus . It also can prevent for bullying ,for example students picking on their cloths /shoes.When all students are dressed alike ,competing with one another will stop .Students dont have to worry about the brand they are

Essay about Globalization The Explotation of the Poor By...

The concept of Globalisation is a contested terrain. Authors such as Jameson (1988) discuss globalisation as a new marvel, as yet out with any specific field of academia, defining it as an â€Å"immense enlargement in communication with more tangible and immediate world markets than earlier stages of modernity†. McGrew (2000, as cited in Marsh, Keating, Punch and Harden 2000, pg. 380) has identified that globalisation is not a new concept but its fervour has certainly magnified. This essay will outline and describe the main features of globalisation focussing on the economical dimensions, although these decisions are affected by politics, which in turn affect the environmental and cultural aspects of life. With this in mind consideration will†¦show more content†¦Thirdly, social interaction can now happen instantaneously. Technological advances such as internet or satellite communication connect people from different parts of the globe in real-time. Local events are shaped by situations occurring globally, for example fighting in Afghanistan can be watched virtually bullet by bullet. Fourthly, individuals consider themselves to be part of a worldwide collective, rather than only connected to their immediate localities or countries. To understand the emergence of the free market it is useful to look back to the end of the Second World War. A conference attended by the global North, led by America and Britain was held in Bretton Woods. The outcomes significantly impacted post war economics developing state-run capitalism such as; protection of national economies, expansion of international trading and cutting import duty. The international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) were established providing capital to rebuild Europe. Multinational agreements were signed actuating the world trade organisation (WTO) Steger (2009). Harman (2000) claims significant economic growth was the result. Unemployment fell, wages and living standards improved significantly; the welfare state was introduced in Britain and New deal in the US. However, by 1973 recession struck the West.Show MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Outcomes Of Economic Globalization1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn this article, I review the literature on the positive and negative outcomes of economic globalization, and the impact on developed and developing nations. The findings indicate a strong trend in the belief that developed countries dominate in the world of international trade, as there resources ensure a competitive advantage over poorer undeveloped nations. In addition, it can be concluded that the great benefits of free trade, defined broadly as â€Å"free movement of goods, services, and capital

Bus 307 Operations Management and Quantitative Techniques

Mastering the Bread Making Master Schedule and Producing Automobiles Leaner Your Name BUS 307 Operations Management and Quantitative Techniques Your Instructors Date Introduction The Realco Breadmaster A master production schedule is used by business organizations as a metric to ascertain whether or not their production (outputs) meets their supply demands (inputs). There are times when a business wants to have a surplus and at others letting inventory dwindle to smaller numbers is optimal. The idea is to ensure that customers get their orders in a timely manner to retain loyalty, maximize profits, and reduce overhead and direct costs. The Realco Breadmaster Company has a new bread maker in the hopes of increasing their†¦show more content†¦A properly designed and used MPS can assist large companies to constantly improve their efficiency, control costs and still meet customer demand. Introduction A Bumpy Road for Toyota Throughout the years, Toyota has defined themselves as one of the top vehicle vendors in the world. Ending in March 2004, Toyota’s â€Å"net income [was] $10.49 billion in yen,† which was more than General Motors and Ford Motor combined (Bozarth amp; Handfield, 2008). With Toyota’s car sales on the rise they wanted to focus on improving the quality of cars being produced. Unfortunately for Toyota, they found a series of errors and glitches in their entire assembly process with had a negative impact towards Toyota’s brand. The Toyota Company viewed the Lean philosophy as, â€Å"a form of religion† (Bozarth amp; Handfield, 2008). The Lean methodology is a process in which every aspect of the business is looked at and improved to increase productivity of workers, assembly lines, and inventory and manager management among many others, all the while keeping a close eye on production. When Toyota began opening automobile facto ries in the United States they continued to maintain and enforce quality which was consistent with their lean philosophy. One of the engineers would even draw chalk circles around an employee and told the employee to stay their watching that jobShow MoreRelatedBus 307 Week 3: Spend Analysis1029 Words   |  5 PagesBUS 307 – Operations Management Quantitative Techniques Michael Dennis-Leigh July 23, 2012 Spend Analysis I. Introduction The current condition of the economy in the United States (US) and increased economic pressures has reinvigorated many companies to rethink their purchasing practices. One of the best ways for a company to evaluate its spending patterns is through a spend analysis. â€Å"A spend analysis is the process of determining what is being spent, with whomRead MoreCASE STUDY REALCO BREADMAKER Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pages Case Studies BUS 307 Operations Management Quantitative Techniques Feb 10, 2014 Case Studies Chapter 12 Case Study: The Realco Breadmaker 1. Develop a master production schedule for the breadmaker. What do the projected ending inventory and available-to-promise numbers look like? Has Realco â€Å"overpromised†? In your view, should Realco update either the forecast or the production numbers? A master production schedule for the bread-maker will be presented below.Read MoreThe Quality Management Theory with an Emphasis on Kaizen and Efqm4130 Words   |  17 PagesThe Quality Management Theory with an emphasis on Kaizen and EFQM Susan Baer Liberty University Online Abstract The intent of this literature review is to research the theory of quality management with an emphasis on the use of kaizen and the European Quality Management Model (EFQM). Through the use of scholarly articles based on research within the field of quality management in both the domestic and global business arenas, the reader will understand the history and significance of the useRead MoreThe Emergence of the Fast Fashion Business Model and Imposed Quick Response Challenges for Chinese Fabric Manufacturers14773 Words   |  60 Pages(B) Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong e-mail: jhopepeterson@yahoo.com T.C. Edwin Cheng and T.-M. Choi (eds.), Innovative Quick Response Programs in Logistics and Supply Chain Management, International Handbooks on Information Systems, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04313-0 20, c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 387 388 J.H. Peterson et al. 1 Introduction The global clothing sector provides the world’s second largestRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesContemporary Issues in Management Accounting This page intentionally left blank Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting Edited by ALNOOR BHIMANI 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesFrom the Library of Girro From the Library of Girro@qq.com Introduction to Materials Management SIXTH EDITION From the Library of Girro J. R. Tony Arnold, P.E., CFPIM, CIRM Fleming College, Emeritus Stephen N. Chapman, Ph.D., CFPIM North Carolina State University Lloyd M. Clive, P.E., CFPIM Fleming College Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio From the Library of Girro@qq.com From the Library of Girro Editor in Chief: Vernon R. Anthony Acquisitions Editor:Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesNIBCO’s â€Å"Big Bang†: An SAP Implementation CASE STUDY III-6 BAT Taiwan: Implementing SAP for a Strategic Transition CASE STUDY III-7 A Troubled Project at Modern Materials, Inc. 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Accounting is a service industry concerned with the supply of information. 3. Accountants themselves do not necessarily take decisions – that is for management. 4. Managers take decisions on a whole range of issues, not all of them related to accounting or financial issues. If initiative and enterprise are stifled, that is because managers allow it to happen. Blaming accountants, therefore, is just anRead MoreCase Studies: Sas Airline Ryanair80169 Words   |  321 Pagesmonopolies. The deregulation on this market was very 1 Sinha, D. (1999) The Regulation and Deregulation of US Airlines, The Journal of Transport History, 20(1), p. 46-47 2 Starkie, D. (2002) Airport Regulation and Competition, Journal of Air Transport Management, 8, p. 63 3 Sinha, D. (2001) Deregulation and Liberalization of the Airline Industry, Ashgate Publishing Limited, p. 81 - 85 4 Shane, S., (2003) A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, p. 156-157 5 Sinha, D. (1999) The Regulation

Active and Passive Indexing Free Essays

The first index fund began in 1971, with $6 million funded by Samsonite, the luggage-maker. Since then, there have been many arguments of whether an active index fund or a passive index fund offers better long-term results for investors. Index funds are already the fastest growing sector of the mutual fund business. We will write a custom essay sample on Active and Passive Indexing or any similar topic only for you Order Now From 1986 to 1996, the amount of money invested in index funds grew from $556 million to $65 Billion. And if anything, individual investors have been slow to embrace passive management. Institutional investors invest a far larger percentage of their assets passively. Many individual investors are simply uneducated and unaware of the arguments and experimental evidence supporting passive management. Institutional investors and academics have known for years (many for decades) that passive investing is extremely difficult to beat and that the majority of active investors will fail in their attempt to outperform the market. Active indexers assert they can outperform the marketplace. Passive (index) portfolios state they can mirror the performance of the indices. Both have their good times and their bad times. Active indexers raise cash in times of increased risk and instability while passive indexers remain fully invested. This can be quite painful during times of large declines in the market. Passive portfolios mirror the gains of the indices during roaring bull markets and eventually outperform the majority of active money managers who must remain diversified and who sometimes take on additional risks in an attempt to produce the performance and safety that they have promised their clients. The evidence has piled up during today’s bull market that the average dollar managed by active managers does not keep up with the market index. Finally, indexing is a way to avoid being blind-sided in certain areas of the marketplace. Active management themes can easily find themselves on the wrong side of an investment. There is a perception among investors that a strategy designed to match stock market returns is less risky than a comparable actively managed portfolio. Since the index approach invests in a manner that is most friendly with the market’s natural liquidity, it produces the least disturbance. The passive investor also has diversified his risk. Specific negative things can happen to individual companies or groups. As a passive investor, one is not exposed to any of these things. However, it does not mean you have a risk-free investment. The downside to passive index investors is that they â€Å"fuel the fire† of a market that appreciates well beyond its true value. Index mutual funds must put new money to work†¦ they can not hold cash†¦ and their investors all buy the exact same stocks. When stocks go down, index funds, being fully invested, will receive the ultimate effect of the decline. Combined with this loss is the fact that they will also have to sell shares to cover shareholder redemptions. These funds will get hit harder than many active portfolios with a cash cushion. Most active managers of investment portfolios raise cash as they perceive higher valuations, excessive instability, and extreme risks, therefore; reducing the display to loss during declining markets. Another downside to passive indexing is the impact they have on market instability. This gives the patient active money manager a welcome opportunity to take advantage of stock selection at very attractive prices and, to some extent, time the market in making their decisions of when to buy and when to sell. Index investing is a tricky business that can roil markets. Actively indexed funds have gone upward over the last decade. This has occurred despite the fact that investors have poured huge amounts of money into active funds over this period. The costs of investing in index funds have trended downward as they have become more popular with investors. The costs of active index funds just might decrease in the future, thereby narrowing the cost gap with passive index funds. But all evidence to date has shown just the opposite trend – the costs of active funds continue to go up and the costs of index funds continue to go down. Actively indexed funds typically generate relatively large amounts of taxes while passive index funds generate relatively small amounts. Some of the resulting gap in performance caused by taxes would seemingly be narrowed if the federal government were to lower tax rates. Congress did this at the end of July 1997 when it reduced the maximum long term capital gains tax rate from 28% on investments held more than one year to 20% on investments held 18 months or longer. The tax bill provides that in the year 2001 this rate will be reduced to 18% for investments held five years or longer. Finally, active money managers serve the specific needs of their clients. They manage portfolios based exactly on the investor’s objectives and tolerance for risk. They make decisions based on a stated time frame and they are capable of changing the goals and direction of a portfolio on a moment’s notice. They are the investor’s personal link to the market and the protector of their capital. The value of these services is immeasurable to most investors. One thing that really does not influence the investor as much as it should is the lack of appreciation with respect to the tax consequences of passive index management. The capital gains, created during the year by a fully active index manager, is reported to the IRS, and the investor ends up being taxed. For a taxed investor, the buy-and-hold is a winning strategy. Turnover is the enemy of the investor who pays taxes. Conversely, most investors would be more than happy to pay taxes on the returns produced by active money managers during periods of declining markets. Not many investors prefer losses to earning some gains and interest, even with the tax man waiting. The effect of so many investors buying index funds is that they tend to guard the money market. An investor could actually, in a cost-effective manner, buy and sell the market. The asset funding of active managers, combined with the efficiency of the passive manager, allows one to implement strategies that provide an optimal mix of securities to match a particular scenario, objective, or risk aversion. From time to time, it is possible that the major assets can get out of balance. Investors can run up prices where the lawfulness market is overvalued. When this reaches a untrustworthy level, more self-corrective measures are needed. This is where the expertise of the active manager becomes useful. As an investor, you are always trading off what Jeremy Bentham, the British economist, referred to as the â€Å"pain-pleasure calculus. † Good returns produce pleasure. Bad returns produce pain. An active money manager is always balancing off the pleasure vs. e potential pain. The active manager tends to determine what that balance is and if it finds that the market is deployed otherwise, it works in balancing the portfolio. Tactical asset funding combined with a passively managed portfolio has been called the â€Å"holy grail† of investing by Jonathan Burton, of Dow Jones’ Asset Management magazine. During declining markets, index funds take the full force of the market’s loss. Managers of these funds are forced to sell stocks in order to meet the demand for redemptions as their investors got out of the market. During markets of very little movement, investors quickly drain of insufficient or no returns on their investment. Finally, a philosophy of capital preservation causes the active manager to raise cash, providing a cushion for portfolios during times of extreme risk. Active or passive? Both have their advantages and their risks, but the two are found to be the best long-term plans for both performance and safety. Index (passive) funds are likely to beat active funds, yet the Morningstar data show that 92% of all the money is U. S. stock funds is in active funds. How to cite Active and Passive Indexing, Essay examples

LOreal in India free essay sample

Table of Content Table of Content3 Executive Summary4 Company Introduction5 Indian Cosmetic Market5 L’Oreal in India6 Product7 Factors influencing Consumer Decisions8 Culture9 Personal Factors9 Changing Demographics9 Demand for Luxury Cosmetic Brands:9 Cosmetics for Men:10 Perceptions10 Colour Selection:10 Fair Skin Syndrome :10 Beliefs and Attitudes11 Harmful chemicals in cosmetics:11 Ayurvedic/Herbal Products are good for the skin :11 Social Factors12 Boom in Salon Care :12 Bollywood Influence on Cosmetic Industry :13 Packaging :13 Trends:13 Hair Care and styling:14 Conclusion15 References16 Executive Summary Cosmetic industry is one of the most profitable businesses globally. Over the past 15 years the cosmetic market has grown on average by 4. 5% a year. Resulting from the natural increase in the population and the raising levels of income in a large number of countries there is a huge potential for further growth in the cosmetic markets globally. However, the sales growth in mature markets in the western world is slowing and the focus is now shifting to the east. We will write a custom essay sample on LOreal in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the past 10 years due to improvements in the overall Human Development Index and per capita income most emerging markets particularly the BRIMC (Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico, China) there is more awareness of personal hygiene and more consciousness about personal grooming. Cosmetic producers and distributors globally have identified this potential and are expanding their businesses in to these new markets. With the increase in per capita income, urbanization , awareness about personal grooming and changing lifestyles India’s cosmetic market has huge development potential. With the demand for cosmetics increasing Indian markets are opening up to more and more multinational cosmetic companies. Since the liberalization many international brands like Avon, Burberrys, Calvin Klein, Cartier, Christian Dior, Estee Lauder, Elizabeth Arden, Lancome, Chambor, Coty, LOreal, Oriflame, Revlon, LOreal, Yardley, Wella, Schwarzkopf, Escada, Nina Ricci, Rochas, Yves St. Laurent and Japanese cosmetics company, Shiseido have entered the Indian market. (State of Israel Ministry of Industry Trade Labour) L’Oreal founded in France is at present the world’s largest cosmetic producer by revenue. L’Oreal’s global network is very well established in emerging markets and is at present contributing to 33% of the sales. L’Oreal entered the India in 1990 and at present is one of the key foreign players in the Indian cosmetic Market. It is a challenge for any company to be successful in international markets as the factors affecting consumers buying decisions vary from one market to the other. The purpose of this assignment is to conduct a survey to explore the factors influencing Indian consumers purchasing decision of cosmetics and how L’Oreal has addressed these factors. Company Introduction The L’Oreal group was created in 1909 by a French chemist Eugene Schueller. By 1950 the company had acquired 100 products was present in Holland, Austria and Italy. Soon they expanded their business to US, South America, Russia and Far East. At present the L’Oreal group is the worlds largest cosmetic and beauty company represented in 130 different countries and owns a wide brand portfolio of 500 different brands providing diverse products ranging from hair colour, permanents, styling aids, body and skin care, cleansers and fragrances. writing service contracts L’Oreal also well known for its research and development work in the dermatological industry. 3% of its sales revenue is spent on research on cosmetology and dermatological research. It is also active in dermatological and pharmaceutical field and at present is the largest nanotechnology patent holder in the US. The distribution channels are diverse from hair salons to super markets and hypermarkets, health and beauty outlets and direct mail. Indian Cosmetic Market The total size of the Indian retail beauty and cosmetic market stands at U. S. 950 million, showing growth between 15-20 percent per year. This is twice as fast as the growth rate of United States and European Markets. The overall beauty and wellness market that includes beauty services stands at about $2,680 million. (Bhattacharya, 2007). Premium brands that are globally recognized are gaining acceptance amongst the Indian consumers as their exposure to these products have increased rapidly during the past few year s. The latest trends demonstrates that middle and high class Indian people spend a large portion of their money in cosmetic product or service. According to the latest Euromonitor report the Indian color cosmetic market stands at $4113. 4 million and skin care at $346. 9 million (Bhattacharya, 2007). Even with such high growth rates the per capita consumption of cosmetics in India is $0. 68 which is very low when compared to other Asian countries $ 40 in Hong Kong, $ 10 in Malaysia and Taiwan, 12 dollars in Japan and 1. 5 dollars of China. (The Times of India, 2008). However, the improvements in the per capita disposable income in India has resulted in cosmetic products to be considered as necessity products rather than Luxury products in the past. The cosmetics industry is dominated by key players who have a strong control on the market. Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), Procter Gamble, LOreal, Garnier, Revlon, Maybelline, the group of Godrej, Dabur and Lakme are elements par excellence of this industry. Many multinationals are also introducing product ranges of its international portfolio for the Indian market to capture greater market share. L’Oreal in India L’Oreal 1st entered the booming Indian hair colour market in 1990, in partnership with MU group with the Ultra Doux range of hair care lip care products. L’Oreal set up its wholly-owned Indian subsidiary operation in 1994 with the launch of its GARNIER range of products from the low-end brand of their international portfolio bringing the â€Å"country-of-origin† formula to new markets. Translating from the â€Å"Consumer Product† segment to their â€Å"Professional Products† range, L’Oreal set up the Professional Product division in 1997 and set two development centres in New Delhi and Mumbai to train the salon owners and professional hairdressers. L’Oreal operates in India through four main divisions: consumer products, professional products, active cosmetics and luxury products. The biggest contributor to its revenue in India is the consumer products division led by its strongest brand in terms of sales — Garnier. LOreal products in India are marketed in a variety of distribution channels namely : mass market, pharmacies and salons. With the expansion of its market share LOreal introduced its skin care and make up offerings to India. The rise was also reflected in the change of the subsidiary in India from Indelor to â€Å"L’Oreal India Private Limited†. In 2002, looking at widening the portfolio along with deepening the product lines VICHY was launched of VICHY marking the introduction of â€Å"Active Cosmetics Department† which is a very niche, premium product from LOreal. Over the three years of its presence its coverage is just 80 chemists all over India. LOreal operates three divisions in India, including the Consumer Products Division LOreal Paris,, Maybelline New York and Garnier the Professional Products Division, which manages the salon business, and the Active Cosmetics Division with the Vichy brand of dermo-cosmetics. The main threat that LOreal face s in India comes from not just its direct competitors like Revlon, P, Nivea etc. but also from the traditional wisdom prevailing. So LOreal is fighting to bring in a whole new lifestyle here that requires a change in the way the Indian women think of grooming and also about the expenditure on it. LOreal today is present in over 300 Indian cities accessing 7 international portfolio brands. Registering a amazing double digit growth LOreal looks set to capture the Indian market in the coming years. Product L’Oreal cosmetics are well known amongst women of all ages and have a reputation for providing budget friendly but high quality cosmetic products. L’Oreal group markets 500 brands and more than 2000 products in all the sectors of beauty business. There are cosmetic products of European origin, American origin and Asian Origin. Refer Appendix 1 L’Oreal have a complete selection of cosmetic products including hair colour, skin care, Sun Protection, Make-up, Perfumes and Toiletries. The Product Categories Refer Appendix 2 Consumer products : High technology products offered at competitive prices through mass-market retailing channels ranging from haircare, skincare, make-up and perfume products that meet the aspirations of all of its customers. Professional products: Products created for salon professionals, ranging from colorants, hair care, texturing and styling formulas. Luxury products: Top of the range products made available via selective retail outlets (department stores, perfumeries, travel retail outlets, and the brands own boutiques) providing personalized advice at the point of sale. Active cosmetics : Dermo-cosmetic skin care products that are sold in pharmacies and specialist retailers. These products offer consumers proven safety and effectiveness supported by advice from pharmacists and dermatologists. Factors influencing Consumer Decisions When making a purchase decision there are many factors affecting the consumer’s decision. Most often why consumer by what they buy is deeply rooted in their subconscious as, ninety â€Å"ninety-five percent of the thought, emotion, and learning [that drive our purchases] occur in the unconscious mind- that is without our awareness† (Armstrong et al. 2005) These factors must be taken into consideration in order to reach target consumers effectively (see figure 2. 1) (Kotler et al. 2005). When organizing marketing campaigns organizations look at how their products are positioned against these various factors affecting the purchase decision of the preferred market segment. Marketing products such as L’Ore al cosmetics in a non native foreign market such as India, there are many factors influencing the consumer decision making that are different. Culture One major factor significantly influencing the consumer behavior of an individual is culture. In strict terms , culture is defined as a learned , persuasive , and shared set of orientations within a specific cluster of individuals in a given society (Perner , 2007). European markets being the home market for L’Oreal there is a vast difference between Indian market in terms of history, cultures and level of development. Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs cosmetics meet the esteem needs of people as cosmetic assist them in improving their image to gain acceptance, or to gain social status or social recognition. Esteems needs being high up in the hierarchy of needs, the Indian culture has a huge impact on psychology and consumer purchase decision making process at all levels. Personal Factors Changing Demographics : Unlike many countries where the aging population exceeds the young population creating high dependency ratio, India has a young and rapidly growing population. It is expected that this new generation will result in an overall increase of 70% of Indian GDP. Since increasing number of women in the age group 22 to 45 becoming independent and joining the work force instead being a stay at home moms there is more demand for cosmetic products . These women have the disposable income and the decision making power to buy what they want (Bhattacharya, 2007). This has resulted in high demand for cosmetics in India. With the increasing literacy rate, Indian consumers are becoming more conscious about personal grooming and the demand for high-quality cosmetic products has increased rapidly. Hence, there is a huge demand for world-renowned brands of cosmetic products in India. Demand for Luxury Cosmetic Brands: With the rapidly increasing number of millionaires in India, the market for luxury brands is growing annually at a compound average growth rate (CAGR) 35% especially since the emerging young urban population of India, combined with high disposable income are increasingly looking for lifestyle-oriented and luxury products with an internationally recognized brand. Based on Nielsen Global Luxury Brand study (March 2008) India has the 3rd highest brand conscious population in the world. L’Oreal being an internationally recognized cosmetic brand has introduced luxury product lines such as Lancome, Bodyshop and active cosmetics such as Vichy to India. Cosmetics for Men: Cosmetics and toiletries are not just the domain of women any longer. Men are the emerging market of cosmetic and skin care. (SPC Asia, 2006) Indian men are increasingly taking to the use of more and more body sprays, perfumes and other cosmetics and toiletries. With rising demand from men, the Indian cosmetic market is getting enlarged and many players are coming out with cosmetic products especially skin care products for men. The market size of mens personal care segment is estimated at approximately US$ 165million, with Gillette having the largest market share. Other major players in this segment include Godrej, J. L. Morison and HLL. L’Oreal has introduced their â€Å"Menexpert† and â€Å"Garnier† cosmetic range for this new consumer segment in India. Refer Appendix 3 Perceptions Colour Selection: The culture has an impact on people’s perception of shapes, colours and space. How people interpret different colours can be based on their job, age, gender, status or even religious beliefs. For an example red is considered to be a colour of celebration for Indians where black is considered to be colour of mourning. In cosmetic fields, the choice of Aishwariya Rai to represent L’Oreal Paris is also a symbol of Indian beauty. When producing colour cosmetics these perceptions are taken in to account as it drives the consumer demand. L’Oreal has large range of colour pallets to suite specific Indian consumer preferences. For an example introduction of gold and colors, jade, Indian pink, turquoise, orange and browns for Indian cosmetic markets. . Fair Skin Syndrome : Almost all cultures around the world have a preference towards fair skin tone. The desire for pale skin amongst Indians are emerging from the history where based on the complex social hierarchy or the cast system. In addition to this history of colonization by lighter-skinned invaders from the west for 200 years, the concept of fairness being superior is embedded deep within the Indian psyche. According to Mr. Venkatramani who oversees the skin care category at Unilevers Indian unit, the definition of beauty in the Western world is linked to anti-aging, where In Asia, its all about being two shades lighter†. Skin lightening creams are by far the most popular categories in India skin-care market and valued at $318M. LOreal has identified this huge market potential and has entered this specific market 1st with â€Å"Garnier† and next with their super highend line â€Å"Vichy†. However, L’Oreal products so far have a small market share. The major players in this segment are Lakme, Ponds, Fair Lovely with a 50 percent market share, followed by players such as Nivea, Godrej and  Revlon. Beliefs and Attitudes Harmful chemicals in cosmetics: Customer possesses specific belief and attitude towards various products mostly driven by cultural norms. These beliefs and attitudes make up brand image and affect consumer buying behaviour. Even though cosmetic products are regulated and tested prior to be made available in the markets, there are still concerns amongst consumers regarding the presence of harmful chemicals in these products. Since consumer protection regulations with regards to cosmetic product are not present in India, Indian consumers are much more reluctant to accept safety of cosmetic products. L’Oreal has identified theses consumer concerns and has taken steps to gain consumer confidence for their products by promoting the concept of â€Å"caring through makeup† by highlighting the products’ natural ingredients when advertising. Ayurvedic/Herbal Products are good for the skin :Ayurveda is known to originate in India around 1500 BC influenced by Hindu religion and is embedded in to the Indian culture. Products that initially originated as Ayuvedic medicine expanded to herbal products and herbal cosmetics. The Indian â€Å"herbal† care market is currently valued at $630 million. Bhattacharya,2007) Made from natural local herbs extracts or plants like Turmeric, honey, tulsi, pudina, saffron, herbal/ ayurvedic products are very close to Indian consumers. Indian women influenced by Ayurwedic treatments use herbs and natural ingredients as part of their beauty care. Taking the opportunity of growing concerns of harmful chemical in cosmetics consumer p references Indian Herbal/ ayurvedic cosmetic producers like Himalaya, Lotus and Jovel are drawing customers to their all natural cosmetic products. Even the existing players too have expanded their range to include herbal variants for an example Hindustan Lever recently introduced the herbal version of Fair Lovely fairness creme. L’Oreal has more than 70% certified organic ingredients in their products. L’Oreal brand Body Shop recently introduced its Ayuvedic product range â€Å"Nutriganics â€Å"to attract this consumer segment. Social Factors Boom in Salon Care :For a customer who needs more than a trim, a visit to a hairdresser in India has traditionally been something of a hair-raising experience. O’Connor, 2010) However, beauty salons in India are no longer only about the usual hair cut-and-dry routine. With the out-look towards personal grooming and beauty is changing in the Indian society. Beauty is no longer for the rich and famous. With the boom in the salon and spa industry there is large demand for salon and spa care products in India. L’Oreal salon care products lead in this industry be cause they were the trend setters where they opened up the L’Oreal Hair Beauty Academy to train salon professionals in 2006. Over the past decade they have trained close to 30,000 professionals. Today, LOreal markets its range of specialized hair care products exclusively through salons and beauty parlours. LOreal currently is the only company in the market that has a hair colour range tailored exclusively for parlours. Bollywood Influence on Cosmetic Industry :Indian film industry â€Å"Bollywood† has a tremendous influence on the growth of the cosmetic industry in India. Actors and actresses are considered as style icons of youth of India. L’Oreal has identified the impact of Bollywood and movie star glamour on building consumer confidence as well as improving sales of their cosmetics range. L’Oreal has selected young and trendy Sonam Kapoor and Miss World pageant winner and established Bollywood actress Ayishwarya Rai and Bollywood heartthrob John Abraham to endorse their new product lines. Refer Appendix 4 Packaging : Packaging is an integral part of the product and identity. It also preserves efficacy and performance in different local conditions of storage, distribution and use. Given the price-sensitivity of the Indian consumers, they do not normally prefer to spend a large sum of money at one time. Hence, many cosmetic and toiletries companies launched their products in smaller pack sizes to make them more affordable and attractive to the average consumers. By selling products in tubes instead of bottles, for example, or by using smaller-format bottles or sachets, L’Oreal is able to offer consumers in all markets innovation at the right price Trends: Trends are long lasting because they emerge from collective needs of consumers that is part of their culture. With the popularity of satellite Television and a wide variety of television channels as well as Internet, more and more Indian consumers are constantly exposed to wide variety of global cosmetic brands creating more brand awareness which often translates to sales. They are linked to consumers’ behaviour and psychological patterns that refect their unique culture. With the increased exposure to global fashion trends, lifestyle trends and glory in international beauty pageants, has given a boost to the Indian cosmetic industry. The Young Indian population are more interested in keeping up with global fashion trends such as whitening boom, eco friendly trend, natural trend, peter pan trend as well as neo-femininity trends. Refer Appendix 5. Cosmetic producers such as L’Oreal has been innovative in predicting these trends and making right products available at the right time. Hair Care and styling: As has always been the case in every country since history began, hair still possesses powerful symbolic and reminiscent properties. Dark Eyes, long black hair are two things that are considered as attraction in the Indian culture. At present 85% of Indian women have long hair. Most young girls are encouraged to wear their hair from young age. When maintaining long to medium long hair, hair fall and breakage are main issues faced by Indian women. In the past hair care meant oil massage and shampoo, now more and more users have started adding conditioners to their hair care list. They do like to use hair serums as a way to tame frizz and improve shine. L’Oreal has introduced â€Å"Total Repair 5† shampoo and conditioner to meet these specific consumer demands. Traditionally Indians have been non experimental with hair styling. Due to increase in awareness, with more available global fashion trends, Indian consumers are more open to styling their hair by, perming, colouring, straightening ,re-bonding or even using hair spray, gels and hair cremes. L’Oreal professional dominate these growing markets. L’Oreal has even introduced its Kerastase Institute’s premium hair care service to create more awareness and feed the fashion and beauty aspirations of India consumers. Conclusion India is one of the emerging in the cosmetic industry. Being a country rich in culture there are many elements affecting the consumer purchase decisions. Potential growth in Indian cosmetic market is unlimited. There are lot of customers who have the resources to buy what they want. If company within the marketing industry properly and effectively advertises their products or services, there would be a great demand for them. Therefore, it is important to know how to properly market the specific product within the Indian culture. In conclusion as a global cosmetic brand L’Oreal has been up to date very successful in moving away from its self reference criteria and embracing the Indian culture to gain consumer acceptance. However, the market conditions are fast changing. Hence, continuous efforts needs to be taken to ensure proactive solutions are offered to Indian consumers to capture the growing market share. References Bhattacharya, P. (2006) India’s Cosmetic Market Ready for Big Leap,. Global Cosmetic Industry. Issue 1, Retrieved on :Wednesday, 22 December 2010 from : http://www. cimagazine. com/marketstrends/regions/bric/30806969. html Indias cosmetics market set to grow, (Jan 6, 2008), The Times of India Retrieved on Wednesday, 22 December 2010 from; http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/Indias-cosmetics-market-set-to-grow/articleshow/2678458. cms#ixzz18xh6erla Kotler, P. , et al. ( 2005), Principles of Marketing Sankhe, S. , at all (2010), India’s urban awaken ing: Building Inclusive Cities, sustaining economic growth, Mckinsey Company Retrieved on Wednesday, 25 December 2010 from : ttp://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/reports/freepass_pdfs/india_urbanization/MGI_india_urbanization_fullreport. pdf State of Israel Ministry of Industry Trade Labour, Indian Cosmetics Market – 2004, Retrieved On: Wednesday, 25 December 2010 from : http://www. tamas. gov. il/NR/exeres/2F7DC4F0-48C2-45BE-AFB3-86E5E9CF993C. htm O’Connor, A. (2007), Sharp-eyed L’Oreal gets head start in India, The Sunday Times, Retrieved on Wednesday, 22 December 2010 from; http://business. timesonline. co. uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article2980264. ce Appendix 1 L’Oreal Cosmetics Range [pic] Appendix 2 Product Range Appendix 3 Appendix 4: [pic] Appendix 5: Trends Whitening Trend: New Interpretations Pinking White: Beautiful skin is pinkish white,look natural just like a baby’s skin.. radiant like having aura. Healthy Flawless: Beautiful skin is not pale white butradiant and flawless skin. Overall the skin must be healthy Natural White: Beautiful skin is white and bright with fine texture. no need to be white like European people. Must look natural Peter Pan Trend Fear of old age: Fear of old age, wrinkles and aging. Preventative care to slow the aging. Happiness in Life: Remaining attractive to stable happy family life. Fit In/Feel Confident : Feeling less confident with age. Need to look young to catch up with peers of same age. Neo Femininity Trends Femininity Fever : Show feminine side and bring out the sex appeal of women but still have the elements of confidence and modernity Changing perspective of gender role: Support the traditional gender role-cute fragile and lovable rather than being equal to male counterpart Back to Basic Trends Natural Look Emphasize on creating bright and radiant skin. Nude look, flawless finish, groomed and sophisticated. Looking younger, less make-up. Eco-Beauty Trend Using eco friendly products. Go green trend and environment friendly packaging Green cosmetics Natural Trend High perceived benefits like longer lasting beauty. Synthetic products contains chemicals that can harm your health. Ayuwedic products are naturally clean and good for health.